Generate Key File From Cer
Certificates and Encodings
When you are working with JAVA applications and JAVA based server, you may need to configure a Java key store (JKS) file.Self signed keystore can be easily created with keytool command. But if you have a private key and a CA signed certificate of it, You can not create a key store with just one keytool command. You need to go through following to get it done.
At its core an X.509 certificate is a digital document that has been encoded and/or digitally signed according to RFC 5280.
In fact, the term X.509 certificate usually refers to the IETF’s PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile of the X.509 v3 certificate standard, as specified in RFC 5280, commonly referred to as PKIX for Public Key Infrastructure (X.509).
X509 File Extensions
The first thing we have to understand is what each type of file extension is. There is a lot of confusion about what DER, PEM, CRT, and CER are and many have incorrectly said that they are all interchangeable. While in certain cases some can be interchanged the best practice is to identify how your certificate is encoded and then label it correctly. Correctly labeled certificates will be much easier to manipulat
Encodings (also used as extensions)
- On some platforms, OpenSSL will save the.key file to the same directory from where the –req command was run. If you have yet to install the certificate and cannot find the key, it’s possible it’s gone. If you created the CSR but cannot locate your key file, the easiest thing to do is reissue your certificate.
- To open it in plain text, you will need to click on the name of the entry and scroll down until the key code appears on the screen. Alternatively, you can click on the green arrow sign on the right and download the.pem file containing the key, the CSR and the certificate along with the CA bundle, if.
- You need the corresponding.key file to use the certificate. As Zoredache said the entire point of public key cryptography is that you have two parts: A public half (.cert file) which encrypts data, and a private half (.key file) which lets you decrypt it again.
- Crt and key files represent both parts of a certificate, key being the private key to the certificate and crt being the signed certificate. It's only one of the ways to generate certs, another way would be having both inside a pem file or another in a p12 container.
- .DER = The DER extension is used for binary DER encoded certificates. These files may also bear the CER or the CRT extension. Proper English usage would be “I have a DER encoded certificate” not “I have a DER certificate”.
- .PEM = The PEM extension is used for different types of X.509v3 files which contain ASCII (Base64) armored data prefixed with a “—– BEGIN …” line.
Common Extensions
- .CRT = The CRT extension is used for certificates. The certificates may be encoded as binary DER or as ASCII PEM. The CER and CRT extensions are nearly synonymous. Most common among *nix systems
- CER = alternate form of .crt (Microsoft Convention) You can use MS to convert .crt to .cer (.both DER encoded .cer, or base64[PEM] encoded .cer) The .cer file extension is also recognized by IE as a command to run a MS cryptoAPI command (specifically rundll32.exe cryptext.dll,CryptExtOpenCER) which displays a dialogue for importing and/or viewing certificate contents.
- .KEY = The KEY extension is used both for public and private PKCS#8 keys. The keys may be encoded as binary DER or as ASCII PEM.
The only time CRT and CER can safely be interchanged is when the encoding type can be identical. (ie PEM encoded CRT = PEM encoded CER)
Common OpenSSL Certificate Manipulations
There are four basic types of certificate manipulations. View, Transform, Combination , and Extraction
View
Even though PEM encoded certificates are ASCII they are not human readable. Here are some commands that will let you output the contents of a certificate in human readable form;
View PEM encoded certificate
Use the command that has the extension of your certificate replacing cert.xxx with the name of your certificate
If you get the folowing error it means that you are trying to view a DER encoded certifciate and need to use the commands in the “View DER encoded certificate below”
View DER encoded Certificate
If you get the following error it means that you are trying to view a PEM encoded certificate with a command meant for DER encoded certs. Use a command in the “View PEM encoded certificate above
Transform
Transforms can take one type of encoded certificate to another. (ie. PEM To DER conversion)
PEM to DER
DER to PEM
Combination
In some cases it is advantageous to combine multiple pieces of the X.509 infrastructure into a single file. One common example would be to combine both the private key and public key into the same certificate.
The easiest way to combine certs keys and chains is to convert each to a PEM encoded certificate then simple copy the contents of each file into a new file. This is suitable for combining files to use in applications lie Apache.
Extraction
Some certs will come in a combined form. Where one file can contain any one of: Certificate, Private Key, Public Key, Signed Certificate, Certificate Authority (CA), and/or Authority Chain.
Original - http://www.gtopia.org/blog/2010/02/der-vs-crt-vs-cer-vs-pem-certificates/
Finding your Private Key on Different Servers or Control Panels
Linux-Based (Apache, Nginx, LightHttpd)
Windows Operating Systems
Mac OS X
Tomcat
cPanel
WHM
Plesk
Synology NAS DSM
Webmin
VestaCP
DirectAdmin
Webuzo
What Is a Private Key?
What Is a Private Key?
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You’ve received your SSL Certificate, and now you need to install it.
Firstly, let’s go through some basics. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) security is about using two unique keys: the Public Key is encrypted within your SSL Certificate, while the Private Key is generated on your server and kept secret.
All the information sent from a browser to a website server is encrypted with the Public Key, and gets decrypted on the server side with the Private Key. Together the key pair keeps communication secured, and one key will not work without the other.
How do I get it?
The Private Key is generated with your Certificate Signing Request (CSR). The CSR is submitted to the Certificate Authority right after you activate your Certificate. The Private Key must be kept safe and secret on your server or device, because later you’ll need it for Certificate installation.
Note: all Certificates except Multi-Domains support Private Key generation in your browser. The key is always saved during SSL activation, we never receive this information. That’s why it’s important you save and back it up during the process if you use the in-browser automatic generation method. If the Private Key key file is lost, you’ll need to reissue your Certificate.
Can I generate a new Private Key for my Certificate if I lose the old one?
Yes. You can generate a new private key and CSR, or use the automatic CSR and key generation during Certificate reissue (this option is available for all Certificates except for the Multi-Domains).
What does the Private Key look like?
It looks like a block of encoded data, starting and ending with headers, such as —–BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY—– and —–END RSA PRIVATE KEY—–.
You may not get to see this code when generating your CSR. Usually, it gets generated in the background with the CSR, and is automatically saved on your server. The system also fills the corresponding field automatically during installation of your Certificate in some control panels, such as cPanel.
The way this works varies depending on your web server, control panel, or any other tools used for CSR generation. Select the one that applies to you in the following section for specific guidance.
Finding your Private Key on Different Servers or Control Panels
Linux-based (Apache, NGINX, LightHttpd)
Normally, the CSR/RSA Private Key pairs on Linux-based operating systems are generated using the OpenSSL cryptographic engine, and saved as files with “.key” or “.pem” extensions on the server.
But no specific extensions are mandatory for text files in Linux, so the key file may have any name and extension, or no extension at all.
If you remember the whole name of the key file or at least part of it, you can use the following command in your console to find the file and its directory:
Key File Download
The slash symbol in this command implies that the search begins from the root directory of the server. This way you have more file options to view. The name of the file in between the single quotation marks should be the part of the name that you remember. To search for the file by extension, enter “*.key” to view all the files with the “.key” extension on your server.
Tip: often the name of the file corresponds to the domain name it was generated for e.g. “domain_tld.key” or “domain.tld.pem”.
Here’s another useful command that lets you search files by their content:
This command will return the absolute path to the Private Key file if it’s located on your server.
Windows Operating Systems (IIS, Exchange, Small Business server)
Windows servers don’t let you view the Private Key in plain text format. When you import your Certificate via MMC or IIS, the Private Key is bound to it automatically if the CSR/Key pair has been generated on the same server.
If you need to obtain the Private Key to install your Certificate on a different server, you can export the key in a password protected PFX (PKCS#12) file. To do that, open the MMC Certificates snap-in tools following these steps:
Win+R >> mmc.exe >> OK >> File >> Add/Remove Snap-in >> Certificates >> Add >> Computer account >> Next >> Local computer >> Finish >> OK
Next, go to Certificate Enrollment Requests >> Certificates (if you haven’t completed the Certificate request yet). If you’ve done that, you’d select Personal >> Certificates, then right-click the Certificate >> select All Tasks >> Export. The Export wizard will open, and give you instructions. You can find more detailed instructions here.
Once that’s done, you will see the .pfx file containing your Certificate, CA-Bundle, and Private Key. To extract the key, use this tool. Choose the PKCS12 to PEM option, then upload the file and enter your chosen password.
Mac OS X
The Keychain tool in the Server application of Mac OS X won’t allow you to access the Private Key via the graphic user interface. Instead use the Terminal, by opening /etc/certificates/ directory and clicking the file.
Its name should be something like “*.key.pem”. And the terminal commands to open the file are: cd /etc/certificates/ , then ls , and sudo nano test.key.pem.
Note: to check if the Private Key matches your Certificate, go here. Then paste the Certificate and the Private Key text codes into the required fields and click Match.
Tomcat
If your Tomcat SSL connector is configured in JSSE style, the Private Key must be in a password-protected keystore file with a .jks or .keystore extension. This file, unlike most other cases, is created before the CSR. To extract the Private Key, you’ll need to convert the keystore into a PFX file with the following command:
Tips:
- “Keystore.jks” should be replaced with your actual keystore name,
- “keystore.p12” will be the name of the PKCS12 file you will receive,
- <jkskeyalias>, <jkspassword> and <keypassword> are the alias (key and keystore passwords that were entered during keystore generation),
- <jkskeyalias>, <jkspassword> and <keypassword> should be replaced with your JKS file alias, its password, and Private Key password.
- <newp12password> and <newkeypassword> should be replaced with the passwords you set for your new PKCS12 file and the Private Key.
After the PKCS12 file is generated, you can convert it to a PEM file with separated CRT, CA-Bundle and KEY files using this tool. Alternatively, use the following command in the terminal:
“Private.key” can be replaced with any key file title you like.
cPanel
- SSL/TLS Manager
a) The simplest way to get the appropriate key used during SSL installation is reflected in the below picture:
b) Alternatively, you can find the Private key in the Private keys section of the SSL/TLS Manager, which can be located in the cPanel main menu. You will see all the Private Keys ever generated in your cPanel. To view the code of the key, click View & Edit. If there are several keys in that menu, you can copy each of them to find a match with your Certificate code by using this tool. - File manager
On the homepage of your cPanel, click File manager. Find the folder named “ssl” in the folder tree to the left (see screenshot). That folder will contain another folder named “keys”. This key folder also contains all the keys ever generated in your cPanel.
Generate Crt And Key File From Cer
WHM
WHM stores your private keys and CSR codes in the SSL Storage Manager menu. On the homepage, click SSL/TLS >> SSL Storage Manager. To view the Private Key, click the magnifier icon next to the relevant key in the Key column.
Plesk
Click Domains >> your domain >> SSL/TLS Certificates. You’ll see a page like the one shown below. The key icon with the message “Private key part supplied” means there is a matching key on your server.
To get it in plain text format, click the name and scroll down the page until you see the key code. Alternatively, click the green arrow icon on the right. This will download a PEM file, containing your Private Key, Certificate and CA-Bundle files (if they were previously imported to the server). The files can be opened in any text editor, such as Notepad.
Synology NAS DSM
When generating a CSR in Synology DSM, the Private Key is provided to you in a zip file on the last step. The key code is contained within a server.key file, that can be opened with a text editor, such as Notepad.
Webmin
Webmin works as a graphic user interface (GUI) on top of the command-line interface. There is also a file manager called Filemin, that you can use to browse the server file system and find your Private Key file. Alternatively, go to Others >> Command Shell and run the find or grep command, which you can find in the Linux Operating Systems section above.
VestaCP
Your Private Key needs to be saved during CSR generation, as it will not be available via the graphic user interface.
That said, you may be able to retrieve your Private Key via SSH. It is saved as a temporary file in the “/tmp” folder. The path to the file will look something like this: “/tmp/tmp.npAnkmWFcu/domain.com.key”.
Note: the files in the /tmp directory are deleted every time your server is rebooted, so this is not a safe place to store your Private Key.
To get the path to your key file, use this Linux command:
Where you see “domain.com”, replace this with the actual domain name you generated the CSR for.
The path to your key file can also be found using the grep command:
Generate Cer File
DirectAdmin
In the up-to-date version of DirectAdmin, your Private Key is saved on the server. Access it in the “Paste a pre-generated Certificate and key” field during installation.
If that section is empty, it may mean the CSR and key were generated elsewhere, or the key was not saved in DirectAdmin due to a glitch. If a glitch happened, try retrieving the key via SSH. Usually it is saved in this directory:
/usr/local/directadmin/data/users/<user>/domains/<domain>.key
Is a private key required for sha256 hash generator manual. Note: <user> and <domain> are your DirectAdmin details.
Webuzo
On the homepage, find the SSL management section by clicking the Private Keys button. This will display a list of all the Private Keys generated in Webuzo. To see the key code, click the pencil icon to the right under the Option column, as shown in the screenshot below:
To sum up, ways to find your private key fully depend on the interface of the web server where you generate the CSR. If the methods described above did not help you find the private key for your certificate, the only solution would be to generate a new CSR/private key pair and reissue your certificate and to make sure that the key is saved on your server/local computer this time.